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车船使用牌照税暂行条例(附英文)(已废止)

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车船使用牌照税暂行条例(附英文)(已废止)

政务院


车船使用牌照税暂行条例(附英文)

1951年9月13日,政务院

第一条 凡在开征车船使用牌照税之地区、行驶车、船者,均依本条例之规定,向税务机关交纳车船使用牌照税。
第二条 原纳吨税(船钞)之本国船舶,一律改征车船使用牌照税,不再交纳吨税;但外国船舶及外商租用中国船舶,仍征吨税,不纳车船使用牌照税。
第三条 车船使用牌照税征收地区,由省(市)人民政府拟定,报请大行政区人民政府(军政委员会)核准开征,并转送中央人民政府财政部备案;中央直属省(市)报请中央人民政府财政部核准开征。
第四条 应纳车船使用牌照税之车、船使用人,须向所在地税务机关申请登记、纳税,领取车船使用牌照及完税证。前项车船使用牌照及完税证,由省(市)税务机关制发。
第五条 车船使用牌照税按季(一、四、七、十月)征收。当地税务机关为便利纳税人交纳,得改按半年或一年合并征收。
第六条 下列各种车、船,免纳车船使用牌照税:
一、郊区农民自用的车、船;
二、载重量不超过一吨的渔船;
三、军政机关、公私立学校及人民团体自有自用的车、船;
四、专供上下客货及存货的趸船、浮桥用船;
五、经当地交通管理机关证明报由税务机关核准停驶、拆毁的车、船;
六、消防车,洒水车、救护车、救护船、垃圾车、垃圾船及义渡船。
上列一、二、三、六各款免税之车、船,其使用人须向所在地税务机关申请登记,领取免税牌照并交纳牌照工本费。
第七条 车辆使用牌照税税额如下:
──┬───────┬────────┬────────────┬──────────
类 │ 项 目 │ 计 税 标 准 │ 每 季 税 额① │ 备注
别 │ │ │ │
──┼───────┼────────┼────────────┼──────────
│ 乘人汽车 │ 每 辆 │ 150,000元至800,000元 │
├───────┼────────┼────────────┼──────────
机 │ 载货汽车 │ 按净吨位每吨 │ 40,000元至150,000元 │
动 ├───────┼────────┼────────────┼──────────
车 │ 机器脚踏车 │ 二轮者每辆 │ 50,000元至150,000元 │
│ ├────────┼────────────┼──────────
│ │ 三轮者每辆 │ 80,000元至200,000元 │
──┼───────┼────────┼────────────┼──────────
│ 兽力驾驶者 │ 每 辆 │ 10,000元至80,000元 │
非 ├───────┼────────┼────────────┼──────────
机 │ │ │ │ 包括三轮车黄包车
动 │ 人力驾驶者 │ 每 辆 │ 3,000元至60,000元 │ 及其他人力拖行车
车 │ │ │ │ 辆
├───────┼────────┼────────────┼──────────
│ 脚 踏 车 │ 每 辆 │ 5,000元至10,000元 │
──┴───────┴────────┴────────────┴──────────
① 本栏税额为旧人民币
第八条 船舶使用牌照税税额如下:
──┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────
类 │ 计税标准 │ 每 季 税 额 ① │ 备 注
别 │ │ │
──┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 50吨以下 │ 每吨, 3000元 │ 按净吨位计征
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
机 │ 51吨至150吨 │ 每吨, 3500元 │ 按净吨位计征
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 151吨至300吨 │ 每吨, 4000元 │ 按净吨位计征
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
动 │ 301吨至500吨 │ 每吨, 4500元 │ 按净吨位计征
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 501吨至1000吨 │ 每吨, 5500元 │ 按净吨位计征
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 1001吨至1500吨 │ 每吨, 6500元 │ 按净吨位计征
船 ├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 1501吨至2000吨 │ 每吨, 8000元 │ 按净吨位计征
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 2001吨至3000吨 │ 每吨, 9500元 │ 按净吨位计征
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 3001吨以上 │ 每吨, 11000元 │ 按净吨位计征
──┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 10吨以下 │ 每吨, 1500元 │ 按载重吨位计征
非 ├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 11吨至50吨 │ 每吨, 2000元 │ 按载重吨位计征
机 ├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 51吨至150吨 │ 每吨, 2500元 │ 按载重吨位计征
动 ├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 151吨至300吨 │ 每吨, 3000元 │ 按载重吨位计征
船 ├─────────┼─────────┼─────────
│ 301吨以上 │ 每吨, 3500元 │ 按载重吨位计征
──┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────
① 本栏税额为旧人民币。
第九条 车船使用牌照税税额,除船舶依照规定税额按吨计征外,车辆由省(市)人民政府在前条规定税额范围内,根据当地具体情况,车辆种类,载重量及使用性质拟定适用税额,报请大行政区人民政府(军政委员会)核准实施,并转送中央人民政府财政部备案;中央直属直(市)报请中央人民政府财政部核准备案。
第十条 凡已纳税领取牌照之车、船,在牌照有效期间内行驶另一地区,不得重征或补征差额。
第十一条 未开征车船使用牌照税地区之车、船,经常往来开征地区时,须向开征城市之税务机关交纳车船使用牌照税;非经常来往之车、船,经当地区、乡(村)以上人民政府证明者免征。
第十二条 车船使用牌照不得转卖、赠送、借用或逾期使用。如车、船所有权转移时,在有效期间内,准继续使用,不另纳税,亦不退税。
第十三条 车船使用牌照如有毁损或遗失时,应报请原发机关补发牌照,在有效期间内,不另纳税。
第十四条 车船使用牌照应按规定装置于车、船的明显易见之处,以便检查。
第十五条 违章行为之处罚,规定如下:
一、不按规定手续办理申报、登记、纳税、领照者,除限期纳税、领照外,并处以应纳税额三倍以下之罚金;
二、违反本条例第十二、十三、十四各条规定之一者,分别处以人民币十万元(按:系旧币)以下之罚金;
三、不按规定期限交纳税款者,除限日追缴外,按日处以应纳税额1%的滞纳金。
第十六条 车船使用牌照税稽征办法,由省(市)税务机关拟定,报请省(市)人民政府核准实施,并呈报中央人民政府财政部税务总局备案。
第十七条 本条例公布后,各地有关使用牌照税之单行办法,一律废止。
第十八条 本条例自公布之日施行。(附英文)

INTERIM REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE VEHICLE AND VESSEL USAGELICENSE PLATE TAX

(Promulgated by the Central People's Government AdministrationCouncil on September 13, 1951)

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE VEHICLE AND VESSEL USAGE
LICENSE PLATE TAX
(Promulgated by the Central People's Government Administration
Council on September 13, 1951)
Article 1
All operators of vehicles and vessels within districts where vehicle and
vessel usage license plate tax is imposed shall, in accordance with the
provisions of these Regulations, pay vehicle and vessel usage license
plate tax to the respective tax authorities.
Article 2
Domestic vessels previously subject to the payment of the tonnage tax
(vessel dues), shall no longer be subject to the payment of the tonnage
tax, and shall, without exception, be subject to payment of the vehicle
and vessel usage license plate tax. Foreign vessels and the Chinese
vessels leased by foreign businesses shall, however, continue to be
subject to tonnage tax and not vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax.
Article 3
The provincial (municipal) people's governments shall, subject to the
verification and approval of the people's governments (military and
administrative commissions) of the greater administrative regions,
designate those districts in which the vehicle and vessel usage license
plate tax is to be imposed and shall report the districts designated to
the Ministry of Finance of the Central People's Government for the record;
provinces (municipalities) directly under the Central Government shall,
prior to the imposition of the tax, report the districts designated to the
Ministry of Finance of the Central People's Government for verification
and approval.
Article 4
Operators of vehicles and vessels subject to payment of the vehicle and
vessel usage license plate tax shall apply to the local tax authorities
for registration, paying the tax, and obtaining license plates and the tax
payment certificates. The aforesaid vehicle and vessel license plates and
tax payment certificates shall be made and issued by the provincial
(municipal) tax authorities.
Article 5
Vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax shall be collected on a
quarterly basis (in January, April, July and October). Alternatively, for
the convenience of the tax payers to make the tax payments, the local tax
authorities may collect an aggregate amount of tax on a biannual or annual
basis.
Article 6
The following categories of vehicles and vessels shall be exempt from the
payment of the vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax:
(1) vehicles and vessels operated by suburban farmers for their own use;
(2) fishing vessels with a deadweight capacity not in excess of one ton;
(3) vehicles and vessels owned and operated by military and government
units, public and private schools and social organizations for their own
use;
(4) pontoons and floating docks used exclusively for passengers, the
loading and unloading of cargo and the storage of goods;
(5) vehicles and vessels certified by the respective local transport
administration offices and verified and approved by the tax authorities
that they are no longer in use or have been dismantled; and
(6) fire trucks, water sprinkler vessels, ambulance vehicles and ambulance
vessels, waste removal vehicles and waste removal vessels and ferries.
In order to obtain a tax-exempt license plate, operators of vehicles and
vessels that are exempt from tax and listed above in Items (1), (2) and
(6) shall apply to the local tax authorities for registration and
obtaining the tax-exempt license plate and paying a fee covering the
manufacturing cost of the license plate.
Article 7
The amount of vehicles usage license plate tax shall be as follows:
|========|=============|=============|===================|===============|
|Type | Category | Unit for | Quarterly | Remar |
| | | Calculating| Tax Payment [*1]| |
| | | Tax | | |
|========|=============|=============|===================|===============|
| | Passenger | Per vehicle| 150,000 yuan | |
| | vehicles | | to 800,000 | |
| | | | yuan | |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------|
|Motor | Trucks | Per ton, by| 40,000 yuan | |
|vehicles| | net tonnage| to 150,000 | |
| | | | yuan | |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Motor-cycles| Per motor- | 50,000 yuan | |
| | | cycle | to 150,000 | |
| | | | yuan | |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------|
| | | Per motor- | 80,000 yuan | |
| | | tricycles | to 200,000 | |
| | | | yuan | |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Animal-drawn| Per vehicle| 10,000 yuan | |
| | | | to 80,000 | |
| | | | yuan | |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------|
|Non- | Manually | Per vehicle| 3,000 yuan to |Including |
| | | | |pedicabs, |
|motor | driven | | 60,000 yuan |rickshaws and |
|vehicles| | | |other manually |
| | | | |drawn vehicles |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Bicycles | Per bicycle| 5,000 yuan to | |
| | | | 10,000 yuan | |
|========================================================================|
Article 8
The amount of vessel usage license plate tax shall be as follows:
|========|======================|====================|======================|
|Type | Unit for calculating | Quarterly tax | Remarks |
| | tax | payment [*1] | |
|========|======================|====================|======================|
| | Under 50 tons | 3,000 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of net tonnage |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 51 - 150 tons | 3,500 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of net tonnage |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 151 - 300 tons | 4,000 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of net tonnage |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 301 - 500 tons | 4,500 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of net tonnage |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
|Motor | 501 - 1000 tons | 5,500 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
|vessels | | | basis of net tonnage |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 1001 - 1500 tons | 6,500 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of net tonnage |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 1501 - 2000 tons | 8,000 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of net tonnage |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 2001 - 3000 tons | 9,500 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of net tonnage |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 3001 tons and | 11,000 yuan per ton| Calculated on the |
| | upwards | | basis of net tonnage |
|==========================================================================-|
| | Under 10 tons | 1,500 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of tonnage of |
| | | | loading capacity |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 11 - 50 tons | 2,000 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of tonnage of |
| | | | loading capacity |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| Non | 51 - 150 tons | 2,500 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| motor | | | basis of tonnage of |
| vessels| | | loading capacity |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 151 - 300 tons | 3,000 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | | | basis of tonnage of |
| | | | loading capacity |
| |----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| | 301 tons and | 3,500 yuan per ton | Calculated on the |
| | upwards | | basis of tonnage of |
| | | | loading capacity |
|========|======================|====================|======================|
Article 9
Except where vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax is imposed on
vessels on the basis of tonnage according to the provisions, the
provincial (municipal) people's government shall, within the range of the
tax amount prescribed in the preceding Article, determine according to
existing local conditions the amounts of tax applicable to vehicles of
different categories, deadweight capacities, and the nature of uses, and
shall report such determinations to the people's governments (military and
administrative commissions) of the greater administrative regions for
examination, approval and implementation and to the Ministry of Finance of
the Central People's Government for the record; provinces (municipalities)
directly under the Central Government shall report their determinations to
the Ministry of Finance for examination and approval and for the record.
Article 10
Vehicles and vessels for which the tax due has been paid and for which
license plates have been obtained, when transferred to and operated in
another taxing district, shall not be further subject to tax or subject to
additional tax due to differences in taxation between the former district
and the latter district for the duration of the validity of the licenses.
Article 11
In respect of vehicles and vessels which are registered in districts where
no vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax is imposed, but which are
frequently operated in districts where vehicle and vessel usage license
plate tax is imposed, the vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax must
be paid to the city tax authorities therein; as to those vehicles and
vessels which are not frequently operated in districts where the vehicle
and vessel usage license plate tax is imposed shall be exempt from tax
upon obtaining a certificate of tax exemption from the respective people's
government at or above the local township (or village) level.
Article 12
Vehicle and vessel license plates may not be sold, given as gifts, loaned
or used beyond their expiry date. Where the ownership of vehicles and
vessels is transferred, the license plates may be used until the
termination of the period of validity of the license plates; no additional
tax shall be paid and no tax shall be refunded during such a period.
Article 13
In cases of damage to or loss of the license plates of vehicles or
vessels, a report shall be filed with the office that originally issued
the license plates for replacement license plates; no additional tax shall
be paid during the period of validity of the original license plates.
Article 14
Vehicle and vessel license plates shall, according to the provisions, be
fitted to a conspicuous place on vehicles or vessels to facilitate
identification.
Article 15
The penalties for violation of the provisions of these Regulations are
stipulated as follows:
(1) persons who fail to comply with the provisions concerning reporting,
registration, the payment of tax and the obtaining of license plates
shall, in addition to the payment of tax within a time limit, be subject
to a fine of three times or less the amount of tax due.
(2) persons who violate any one of the provisions of Articles 12, 13 or 14
of these Regulations shall be subject to a fine not exceeding 100,000 yuan
Renminbi (i.e. the Old Renminbi - the editor.)
(3) Persons who fail to pay tax within the prescribed period shall, in
addition to the payment of tax within a time limit, be subject to a late
payment fine of 1% of the amount of tax due for each day payment is
delayed.
Article 16
Measures for the investigation and collection of the vehicle and vessel
usage license plate tax shall be formulated by the provincial (municipal)
tax authorities, and submitted for verification, approval and
implementation to the provincial (municipal) people's government and to
the General Taxation Bureau of the Ministry of Finance of the Central
People's Government for the record.
Article 17
On the promulgation of these Regulations, all separate rules and measures
governing the license plate tax in the various localities shall be
annulled.
Article 18
These Regulations shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Notes:
[*1] [*2] The amount of tax payment, as listed in this table, is
calculated in the Old Renminbi.
- The Editor.


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舟山市人民政府关于印发舟山市行政机关行政首长出庭应诉暂行办法的通知

浙江省舟山市人民政府


舟山市人民政府关于印发舟山市行政机关行政首长出庭应诉暂行办法的通知
舟政发(2007)74号

各县(区)人民政府,市政府直属各单位:

《舟山市行政机关行政首长出庭应诉暂行办法》已经市政府第6次常务会议审议通过,现印发给你们,请遵照执行。



二○○七年十一月二十六日

舟山市行政机关行政首长出庭应诉暂行办法

第一条 为进一步规范我市各级行政机关行政诉讼出庭应诉工作,提高出庭应诉工作质量和水平,促进行政机关依法行使职权,根据《国务院关于全面推进依法行政实施纲要》和《浙江省人民政府关于贯彻落实全面推进依法行政实施纲要的意见》,依据《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》的有关规定,结合我市实际,制定本办法。

第二条 本办法适用于全市各级行政机关行政首长参加本机关行政诉讼案件的出庭应诉。

第三条 本办法所称各级行政机关包括:

(一)各县(区)政府、乡镇政府,街道办事处;

(二)市、县(区)政府直属部门;

(三)受市、县(区)政府或市、县(区)政府直属部门直接管理的经法律、法规授权行使行政职权的单位和其他组织。

第四条 本办法所称行政首长是指本办法第三条所列行政机关的法定代表人或主持工作的行政负责人。

第五条 各级行政机关对本机关发生的下列行政诉讼案件,机关行政首长应出庭应诉:

(一)本年度本机关第一件行政诉讼案件;

(二)20人以上集团行政诉讼案件或其他对社会影响重大的行政诉讼案件;

(三)行政赔偿诉讼案件;

(四)人民法院建议出庭的其他行政诉讼案件。

机关行政首长确有正当事由无法出庭应诉的,应事先向人民法院作出说明,经人民法院同意后,可委托本机关副职领导出庭应诉。

第六条 市、县(区)政府直属部门(或其他组织)以市、县(区)政府名义作出具体行政行为引起的行政诉讼案件,其行政首长应当以政府诉讼代理人身份出庭应诉。

第七条 行政机关行政首长应当尊重法庭,遵守法庭纪律,按时出庭应诉,做到言行文明,举止端庄,树立和维护行政机关的良好形象。

第八条 市政府实行行政诉讼应诉备案制度。各县(区)政府及市级行政执法单位应当在收到下列文书之日起3个工作日内将文书复印件报送市政府法制办公室备案。
(一)人民法院送达的行政起诉状或行政上诉状副本、应诉通知书、传票;
(二)人民法院送达的行政判决书或行政裁定书。
第九条 行政机关行政首长出庭应诉案件终结后,本机关法制机构应将案卷材料装订成册,以备查用。对败诉案件,应认真总结经验教训,撰写结案报告,送本机关行政首长审阅。

第十条 行政机关行政首长出庭应诉情况纳入依法行政考核范围,对不按本办法有关规定出庭应诉的,按依法行政考核办法予以处理。

第十一条 本办法由市政府法制办负责解释。

第十二条 本办法自2008年1月1日起实施。


张?┮?br>

新中国我国催告制度在1999合同法第48条第2款中体现的尤为突出,催告权的价值在于当合同双方的权利义务关系待定时,为尽大程度上的减少因合同效力待定而产生的缔约损失.我们不能因为他并非相对人的实体权而忽视催告权。因为催告权和撤消权一样,是保护善意相对人的重要法律保障.更能促进交易,保障双方权利义务的平衡。催告权是指市场交易中,为保护善意相对人的利益,促进民事交易,赋予相对人要求对第三人的在合理的期限内作出是否追认表示或履行义务的权利。

关于催告权的性质,我们有必要探讨下,有些学者认为催告权并非是形成权,认为“催告权是一种告知的权利,不是实体权利。相对人只能对法定代理人或者被代理人是否追认进行催告。究竟法定代理人或者被代理人是否追认,权利在他自己,他人无权干涉”[1];还有学者认为“催告权是形成权的一种”[2];笔者认为催告权并非简单的告知的权利,而是请求第三人作为或不作为的权利,但是又不是请求权。理由有二,其一从合同法第47条第2款规定:相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。第48条第2款规定:相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认,被代理人或者限制民事行为能力人的法定代理人未作表示的,视为拒绝追认。催告并不能马上使合同双方的权利义务关系发生变动,但是相对人单方面做出意思表示,1个月内必将产生稳定合法的民事效力。其二形成权适用除斥之间,但是该一个月不适用诉讼时效中的终止、中断,极为不利于双方的交易,例如催告后,1个月后双方同意延长,而法律规定,除斥期间届满,实体权利即消灭。不利合同中的自愿原则,故说催告权是形成权或请求权都有一定局限性。

催告权在建设工程在建设实施过程中我认为也有适用,在建筑工程合同中,发包人未按合同约定支付工程款时,承包人催告发包人在合理期限内支付工程款的权利。优先权是指在催告期结束后,发包人仍未支付工程款,承包人将该工程协议折价或申请人民法院依法拍卖,并优先受偿该工程款的权利。《合同法》第二百八十六条为催告权和优先权的实现提供了法律依据。建设工程在建设实施过程中,发包人不按照合同的约定支付工程款是违反合同约定的行为,应当承担违约责任。承包人为保护自身的合法权益不受侵害,可以行使催告权和优先权。催告权的行使。建设工程在建设实施过程中,发包人未按合同约定支付工程款,承包人可以催告发包人在合理期限内支付工程款,并应履行通知义务。一般而言,合理期限的确定不应由承包人或发包人单方做出,应该由双方协商确定。确定催告期时应综合考虑建设工程规模、所欠工程款数量和承发包双方的经济状况。目前,法律上还没有关于合理期限的法律规定,这需要司法解释进一步明确。

下面我们看两个案例,其一,一名未满18周岁的大学生,在进大学时,他的父母担心他沉溺于网络游戏,极其反对他购买电脑。但是他利用父母给的多余生活费的,在入学的第二年购买的电脑(电脑城的老板并不知道他的年龄),并把电脑一直放在学校之中,第四年将电脑带回家,父母看到了之后,以子女为限制民事行为能力,电脑买卖合同无效,由于电脑城老板不知大学生年龄和不知道自己享有催告权和撤销权,导致合同无效,电脑城老板退还了电脑的费用,得到旧电脑。在本案之中相对人对催告权并不知,导致民法中的催告制度没有体现出作用。对此有部分学者认为这个案例,很难说当事人有过错,直接采用公平原则,双方分担民事责任即可,笔者赞同该观点。

其二,在保证合同中,一般保证中,由于债权人和债务人的亲属关系,故主债务履行期限没有约定,债权人怠于行使自己的债权,而依据担保法司法解释第三十三条:主合同对主债务履行期限没有约定或者约定不明的,保证期间自债权人要求债务人履行义务的宽限期届满之日起计算。故依照民法通则的规定,自权利被侵害2年后,人民法院不予保护。但是如果开始债务人有清偿能力,后天逐渐丧失清偿债务的能力,从而对保证人是不公平的。建议赋予保证人对债权人的催告权。

首先催告权催告根据德国民事诉讼法的规定,公示催告主要分为以下几种:(1)死亡宣告的公示催告;(2)排除土地所有人或船舶所有人的公示催告;(3)排除各种债权人的公示催告;(4)宣告证券无效的公示催告。[①]上述四类中,第一类和第四类是大多数国家所共同规定的,不过,对于第一类,即宣告死亡问题,很多国家并不将其规定于公示催告程序中,[②]而对于第四类,德国民法和民事诉讼法所规定的证券种类极为广泛,包括票据(汇票、本票)、支票、无记名证券、抵押证券、土地债务债券及定期土地债务债券、股票、商人的指示证券、提单、仓单、载货证券、运送保险证书、寄托证书、保险单等。在日本和我国台湾地区,可以申请公示催告的事项也较多,例如台湾地区民事诉讼法第539条规定:“申报权利之公示催告,以得依背书转让之证券及其他法律有规定者为限。”得以背书转让的证券包括指示证券、无记名证券、提单、仓单、载货证券、汇票、本票、支票、公司股票等。另外,台湾民法第1157条规定了要求被继承人之债权人于一定期限内申报其债权的公示催告;第1178条规定了要求继承人于一定期限内承认继承的公示催告;第1179条规定了要求受遗赠人表明应否接受遗赠的公示催告;等等。[3]

但我国仅仅对无权代理和限制民事行为能力从事民事行为中的效力,相对人有催告权,我国将无权处分行为规定为效力未定行为,但又没有像其他效力未定行为那样规定相对人的催告权和撤销权,这不是立法者无意的疏忽而是有意的回避,是为了避免法律制度之间的冲突.我国关于无权处分的规定是有缺陷的,应当借鉴负担行为与处分行为的区分,确认无权处分中的债权合同有效,物权合同效力未定,同时再以客观善意主义加强对相对人利益的保护。

武汉大学 张?┮?br>

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